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Process for Obtaining Program Modifications for Students with Disabilities 
 

ACADEMIC PROGRAM ACCESS FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES

 
 

SECTION I

POLICIES FOR ACCESS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES

SECTION II

DEFINITIONS

SECTION III

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

SECTION IV

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY

SECTION V

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES

SECTION VI

ADMISSIONS

SECTION VII

PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING ACCOMMODATIONS

SECTION VIII

PERSONAL CARE ATTENDANT POLICY

SECTION IX

AUXILIARY AIDS

SECTION X

COURSE MODIFICATIONS AND SUBSTITUTIONS

SECTION XI

APPEALS

APPENDIX I

CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTING OUTSIDE EVALUATIONS
DOCUMENTING LEARNING DISABILITIES
AS OUTLINED BY
THE BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA

APPENDIX II

DOCUMENTATION OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
IN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS

APPENDIX A

DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD*

APPENDIX B

Recommendations for Consumers
 
 
 

ACADEMIC PROGRAM ACCESS FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES

North Georgia College & State University

Dahlonega, Georgia

SECTION I

POLICIES FOR ACCESS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES

North Georgia College & State University is committed to the full inclusion of individuals with disabilities and to the principle of individual rights and responsibilities. To that end, the policies and procedures of NGCSU reasonably ensure that a person with a disability is not on the basis of that disability denied full and equal access to and the enjoyment of academic programs and co-curricular activities or otherwise subjected to discrimination in such programs and activities.

The policies for access by individuals with disabilities at NGCSU are designed to ensure full compliance with all pertinent federal and state legislation, specifically to include Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990.

North Georgia College & State University houses the two-volume ADA Compliance Guide in the Division of Academic Support Programs, Office of Student Disability Resources, 122 Barnes Hall. This document is available for review by any university employee or student.
 

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SECTION II

DEFINITIONS

For clarification, terms relevant to Section 504 and ADA are defined as follows:

academic access: procedures that embrace nondiscriminatory recruitment, admissions, and treatment of students

accommodations: physically accessible programs and services, classroom/learning modifications that reasonably ensure the participation of students with disabilities in college classes and activities, and instructional and testing adaptations

auxiliary aids: manual and technological aids (both hardware and software) for persons with impaired cognitive, sensory, motor, or speaking skills

disabled individual: a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more life activities, has a record of such an impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment

"has a record of such "impairment": a history of or is regarded as having a mental or physical condition that substantially limits one or more major life activities

"major life activities": means functions such as caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, walking seeing, hearing, speaking, breathing learning, working, and experiencing

mental disability: a disabling developmental or neurological condition that has adverse effects on an individual's cognitive or volitional functions--e.g., central nervous system disorders, head injuries, and specific learning disabilities

physical disability: any physical condition, anatomic loss/dysfunction, or disfiguration caused by bodily injury, birth defect, or illness

qualified person with a disability:

(with respect to post-secondary services) a person with a disability who meets the academic and technical standards for admission or participation in the education program or activity given appropriate accommodations;

(with respect to any other program or activity) a person with a disability who meets the essential eligibility requirements for participation in, or receipt from, that program or activity given appropriate accommodations

programs: academic majors and degree plans, including coursework and practica; research; housing; counseling; financial aid; physical education; athletics; recreation; student organizations; placement; and any other opportunities offered by the university

psychological disability: any persistent psychological or psychiatric disorder or emotional or mental illness resulting in impairment of educational, social, or vocational functioning--stress disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, depression, and personality disorders
 

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SECTION III

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

To reasonably ensure the full translation of the policies for access of individuals with disabilities into procedures, as prescribed in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, the following rights and responsibilities are crucial:

  • the right of the university to set and maintain standards for admitting and evaluating the progress of students
  • the right of the individual with a disability to be included on the basis of criteria that do not unfairly discriminate because of the disability

To assure full consideration of both the right of the university to set and to maintain standards and the right of the individual with a disability to be free of discriminatory action, this document outlines the rights and responsibilities of students who have disabilities and the rights and responsibilities of the university. The procedures that follow create a mechanism for dispute resolutions for those instances in which the usual channels have not resulted in a decision that is acceptable to both the individual and the administration of the university.


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SECTION IV

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY

North Georgia College & State University recognizes that its basic responsibility is to identify and to maintain the academic and technical standards fundamental to providing quality academic programs while ensuring the rights of individuals with disabilities.

Rights of the University

  • North Georgia College & State University has the right to identify and to establish the abilities, skills, and knowledge necessary for success in its programs and to evaluate applicants and students on this basis.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the right to identify and to establish the abilities, skills, and knowledge that are fundamental to academic programs/courses and to evaluate each student's performance against these standards. Fundamental program and course standards are not subject to modifications--that is, the university is not required "to make modifications to policies if they would 'fundamentally alter' the nature of the services or programs . . . or cause an 'undue burden'" (ADA Compliance Guide).
  • North Georgia College & State University has the right to request and to receive documentation that supports requests for modifications.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the right to deny a request if the documentation reveals that no modification is necessary or if the individual fails to provide adequate documentation.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the right to select among equally effective modifications for individuals with a disability.

Responsibilities of the University

  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to ensure that its recruitment information and activities are available in accessible formats and facilities both within and outside the confines of the institution.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to evaluate applicants based solely on their qualifications and is prohibited from inquiring about disabilities prior to official acceptance to the university.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to make "reasonable modifications" to its policies, practices, and procedures so that people with disabilities can have access to all the goods, services, and other opportunities it provides.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to ensure that all its programs, viewed in their entirety, including but not limited to academic offerings, housing, transportation, student organizations, counseling, and placement, areaccessible and usable.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to adjust, substitute, or waive any academic requirements within the policies of the Board of Regents that unfairly discriminate against a student with a disability and that are not essential to the integrity of the student's academic program.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to make reasonable modifications for disabled students in the delivery, instructional method, and evaluation system of a course.
  • North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to inform its applicants and students about modifications and the procedures for requesting such modifications. If the request for modification is denied, North Georgia College & State University has the responsibility to inform the individual of his/her right to appeal the decision.
     

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SECTION V

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES

An individual with a disability has a right to an equal opportunity to participate in and to benefit from programs offered at North Georgia College & State University.

  • A student with a disability has the right to an equal opportunity to learn.
  • A student has the right to reasonable modifications in the location, delivery system, and instructional methodologies that limit access, participation, or ability to benefit.
  • A student with a disability has the right to an equal opportunity to participate in and to benefit from the academic community, which includes access to services and co-curricular activities that, when viewed in their entirety, are comparable to those provided any student.
  • A student with a disability has the right to confidentiality of all information and has the right to choose to whom information about his or her disability is disclosed.
  • A student with a disability has the right to information regarding the availability of auxiliary aids and possible modifications, as well as procedures for making requests for either.
  • A student with a disability has the right to be informed of procedures for initiating an appeal of a decision by the institution regarding auxiliary aids or modifications.
  • A student with a disability has the right to be informed of procedures for initiating further appeal of an institutional decision through external channels--e.g., filing a complaint with the Office of Civil Rights or filing a case through the court systems.

Responsibilities of Students with Disabilities

  • A student with a disability has the same responsibility as any other student to meet and to maintain the university's academic standards.
  • A student with a disability has the responsibility to provide complete, current (no older than three years) documentation of his or her disability as determined by a psychologist, psychiatrist, or other relevant physician, and this documentation must logically support the instructional or evaluative modifications requested.
  • A student with a disability has the responsibility to follow published procedures for making a request for modifications and to do so in a timely fashion.
  • A student with a disability at the university level has the responsibility to become a "self-advocate" through the guidance of disability specialists, faculty, and other professionals at the university.
  • A student with a disability has the responsibility to follow published procedures for filing an appeal.


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SECTION VI

ADMISSIONS

Admission to North Georgia College & State University is based on the requirements outlined in the university's undergraduate and graduate bulletins. Admissions decisions ensure that an applicant with a disability is not subjected to discrimination in admissions on the basis of his or her disability.

The Office of Admissions provides assistance and accessible admissions materials on request. Further information regarding specific admissions requirements is available through the Office of Admissions.
 

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SECTION VII

PROCEDURES FOR REQUESTING ACCOMMODATIONS

North Georgia College & State University complies with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, acts which ensure that no student is denied benefits, excluded from participation, or otherwise subjected to discrimination because of a disability. A student has the legal responsibility to request necessary accommodations in a timely manner and to provide the institution with appropriate, current documentation of the disabling condition. Sufficient advanced notice of a request for an accommodation is required in order to give the Office of Student Disability Resources a reasonable period of time to evaluate the request and documentation. A student may submit a request and documentation any time during his enrollment at North Georgia College & State University, but no action based on the request and documentation is retroactive.

To receive disability accommodations at North Georgia College & State University, a student should complete the following in advance of the anticipated need for services and accommodations:

  • A student must be officially admitted to North Georgia College & State University.
  • A student requesting accommodations should register with the Office of Student Disability Resources by filing a Voluntary Disclosure of Disability form that is mailed with the student's official acceptance letter.
  • A student should complete the Request for Services and Accommodations form. Current, written documentation from appropriate professional personnel is required and is subject to verification by North Georgia College & State University.
  • Approval of reasonable accommodations will be made case-by-case based on the justification contained in the written documentation provided by the student.
  • Students who believe they have experienced discrimination on the basis of a disability can seek resolution through grievance procedures established by North Georgia College & State University. Information and consultation on these procedures are available through the Office of Student Disability Resources, Rodney E. Pennamon, 122 Barnes Hall (706) 867-2782.


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SECTION VIII

PERSONAL CARE ATTENDANT POLICY

Federal regulations associated with the Americans with Disabilities Act specifically state that post-secondary institutions are not required to "provide attendant, individually prescribed devices, readers for personal use or study, or other devices or services of a personal nature" (30944). Specifically and definitively, personal care needs are the responsibility of the student. A student who needs personal assistance, as indicated by his or her documentation, should procure the most appropriate services to ensure safety. North Georgia College & State University, however, does have the responsibility to aid the student in need of personal care by accommodating the personal care attendant in the educational and residence environment.
 

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SECTION IX

AUXILIARY AIDS

North Georgia College & State University seeks to ensure that individuals with disabilities who can meet the academic and technical standards for admission are not excluded from full participation in the programs the university operates as a result of the absence of necessary auxiliary aids or reasonable modifications.

A student with a disability is expected to exercise initiative in identifying and obtaining auxiliary aids and assistance through every reasonable channel available to them. The primary role of the university in this effort should be informative about and supportive of active self-advocacy on the part of the student. The university, however, does have the responsibility to determine the necessity of aids and to ensure that a student is not denied the right to participate in programs, benefits, classes, or services because of the absence of reasonable and appropriate auxiliary aids that would make participation possible. Furthermore, the university has the responsibility to provide auxiliary aids or to find reasonable alternatives that will allow full participation unless requests are determined to be unreasonable or will impose an undue hardship on the university. Every attempt will be made to ensure availability of necessary auxiliary aids, but the university must have sufficient time to evaluate the request, determine the aid to be provided, and to identify sources for obtaining it.

A student who believes he or she will need auxiliary aids to participate fully in the activities inherent in the programs at North Georgia College & State University should make those needs known as early as possible, preferably as soon as he or she has been admitted or determined to have a disability. These requests should be made through direct contact with the Coordinator of Student Disability Resources. To expedite the process, requests should be accompanied by a written evaluation of the student's disability. For a student with a learning disability (LD), an Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), or an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), this documentation must meet the criteria established by the University System of Georgia (Appendix 1).


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SECTION X

COURSE MODIFICATIONS AND SUBSTITUTIONS

A student is required by the University System of Georgia to meet the essential requirements of his or her respective program. Any request for course modifications and substitutions will be decided on a case-by-case basis; however, the policies of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia preclude waiving any core course and allows for substitutions only in approved areas.

Course Modifications

When a student's documentation indicates course modifications, the Coordinator of Student Disability Resources will confer with members of the university's Committee on Learning Disabilities/Physical Challenges to determine appropriate, individualized modifications as supported by the documentation. The students will be notified of approved modifications via an official letter from the Vice President for Academic Affairs. Such modifications may require changes in the distribution and presentation of course material and in the evaluation of academic performance.

Course Substitutions

Courses may be substituted when documentation indicates that a certain disability precludes learning a specific subject, that modifications would most likely be futile, and that the course is determined not to be essential to the student's program of study or is a University System of Georgia core curriculum course. The Coordinator of Student Disability Resources, the Committee on Learning Disabilities/Physical Challenges, the head of the department of the student's major field of study, and the student's major advisor will recommend an appropriate course substitution to the Vice President for Academic Affairs for approval.
 

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SECTION XI

APPEALS

North Georgia College & State University recognizes both the variation in the needs of students with disabilities and the variation in course contexts as an individual student progresses through his or her program of study. When needs arise, the student or the faculty member, as well as offices that serve students, may request that the Coordinator of Student Disability Resources and the Committee on Learning Disabilities/ Physical Challenges review current modifications and revise the modifications as appropriate. If this process fails to establish mutually acceptable modifications, the dissatisfied party may file an appeal.

If accommodations have been recommended and approved by the Vice President for Academic Affairs, faculty must accommodate the student as outlined. Should faculty or offices serving students fail to accommodate the student, the student may file an appeal. Similarly, if a faculty member or office serving students finds that the accommodations are unreasonable or place an undue hardship on the department/office, the party(s.) may file an appeal.

All appeals must be submitted in writing to the Vice President for Academic Affairs with a copy submitted to the Coordinator of Student Disability Resources.

Basis for Appeal

Students may appeal on the basis of one of the following considerations:

  • The access plan does not represent a reasonable accommodation of a student's disability. The basis for such an appeal should be that the respective disability, in the absence of requested alternatives or additional modifications, limits the student's full participation or accurate evaluation in a specific activity, service, program, or course. The appeal must include a rationale for the requested additions or alternatives.
  • A particular course or requirement is not essential to the integrity of the program of instruction being pursued. The appeal must be based on documentation that the respective disability limits full participation in the academic program.

Faculty, department heads, area coordinators, and deans may appeal a student's access plan on the grounds that the modifications represent a fundamental, detrimental alteration in a course, program, or service.

Filing Appeals

A student and his or her professor should make every effort to work together to implement modifications determined/approved to be reasonable and appropriate. If questions or concerns arise due to conflicts between a student's documented needs and course requirements or physical accessibility on campus, the Coordinator of Student Disability Resources should be contacted. The Coordinator will make every effort to resolve the conflict in a timely manner, either through counseling or by referral to the institution's Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) liaison. If neither of these procedures results in resolution, the student should appeal in writing to the Vice President for Academic Affairs. (A copy of the letter of appeal should be submitted to the Coordinator of Student Disability Resources.) If no resolution is reached through appeal to the Vice President for Academic Affairs, a student has the right to appeal to the President of North Georgia College & State University and, ultimately, to the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia.

Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)

North Georgia College & State University supports an initiative, which was begun by the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia in 1994, that seeks to encourage less adversarial, more collaborative methods of conflict resolution. Through mediation, an impartial, trained mediator assists disputing parties in reaching a mutually agreeable, negotiated settlement of their differences. While the mediator has no authority to make a decision or to impose a settlement upon the parties, he or she attempts to focus the attention of the parties on their needs and interests, not on rights and positions.

For more information about Alternative Dispute Resolution or to initiate mediation, one should contact

Dr. Mac Martin
Campus Liaison to the Board of Regents for ADR
210 Barnes Hall
PH (706) 864-1819
e-mail mmmartin@ngcsu.edu
 

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APPENDIX I

CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTING OUTSIDE EVALUATIONS
DOCUMENTING LEARNING DISABILITIES
AS OUTLINED BY
THE BOARD OF REGENTS
OF THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF GEORGIA
 
 

CRITERIA FOR ACCEPTING OUTSIDE EVALUATIONS

DOCUMENTING LEARNING DISABILITIES

1. Documentation must be within three years of a student's application for assistance.

2. A specific learning disability must be clearly stated in the documentation. Support must show that a student exhibits one or more, but not all, areas of specific academic deficits; a correlated cognitive Deficit; and average intellectual ability. If any other diagnosis is applicable, it should be clearly stated.

3. One of the following individually administered intelligence tests must have been administered, with subscale scores reported:

    a. WAIS-R

    b. WISC-R

    c. WISC-III

    d. Stanford Binet

    e. KAIT

4. Cognitive processing strengths, weaknesses, and deficits should be discussed. Clear documentation of Deficit areas is necessary in order for responding institutions to provide appropriate modifications; therefore, the following processing areas should be addressed:

    a. Visual spatial abilities

    b. Memory, to include auditory and visual and short-term and long-term

    c. Fine motor skills/dexterity

    d. Executive functions, to include verbal and nonverbal reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and automatically with
    cognitive tasks

    e. Attention, to include auditory and visual

5. Oral language skills should be assessed and addressed through either formal instruments or informal analyses of a language sample since universities are primarily interested in whether or not a student's learning disability impacts oral language and/or if a separate speech disorder is also present.

6. Social/emotional status should be assessed and addressed through either formal assessment instruments and/or clinical interviews. Since college/university life is typically quite stressful for students with learning disorders, these institutions need information--e.g., personality characteristics, psychological welfare, self-esteem, and stress level--that help them fully assist a student.

7. Achievement assessment in the following areas is required:

    a. Written language--spelling and written expression

    b. Reading--decoding and comprehension, with emphasis on the student's ability to comprehend longer passages
    typical of higher education texts

    c. Mathematics--applied word problems and calculations, specifically in algebra

8. Assessment instruments must have age appropriate norms for high school seniors/college freshman or older students. All standardized measures must be represented by standard scores or percentile ranks based on published norms; informal assessment can be presented as supplemental evidence.
 

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APPENDIX II

DOCUMENTATION OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT/

HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

IN ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS

Introduction

This document provides consumers, schools, professional diagnosticians, and service providers with a common understanding and knowledge base of the components of documentation that are necessary to validate the existence of ADHD, the impact of ADHD on the individual's educational performance, and the need for accommodations for candidates seeking to register with various Educational Testing Service testing programs. The information and documentation to be submitted should be comprehensive in order to avoid or reduce unnecessary time delays in decision making related to the provision of services.

Under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, individuals with disabilities are protected from discrimination and assured services. To establish that an individual is covered under the ADA, the documentation must indicate that the disability substantially limits some major life activity, including learning. The following documentation requirements are provided in the interest of assuring that documentation of ADHD demonstrates an impact on a major life activity, is appropriate to verify eligibility, and supports the request for accommodations, academic adjustments, and/or auxiliary aids.

In the main section of the document, information is presented in four important areas: (1) qualifications of the evaluator; (2) recency of documentation; (3) comprehensiveness of the documentation to substantiate the ADHD; and (4) evidence to establish a rationale to support the need for accommodation(s). Appendix A provides the diagnostic criteria for ADHD from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR [American Psychiatric Association], 2000). Appendices B and C provide recommendations for consumers and a listing of resources and organizations.

Documentation Requirements

I. A Qualified Professional Must Conduct the Evaluation

Professionals conducting assessments and rendering diagnoses of ADHD and making recommendations for accommodations must be qualified to do so. Comprehensive training and relevant experience in differential diagnosis and the full range of psychiatric disorders are essential.

The following professionals would generally be considered qualified to evaluate and diagnose ADHD [provided they have comprehensive training in the differential diagnosis of ADHD and direct experience with an adolescent or adult ADHD population: psychologists, neuropsychologists, psychiatrists, and other relevantly trained medical doctors. It may be appropriate to use a clinical team approach consisting of a variety of educational, medical, and counseling professionals with training in the evaluation of ADHD in adolescents and adults.

Use of diagnostic terminology indicating an ADHD by someone whose training and experience are not in these fields is not acceptable. It is also not appropriate for professionals to evaluate members of their own families.

The name, title, and professional credentials of the evaluator--including information about license or certification as well as the area of specialization, employment, and state of province in which the individual practices should be clearly stated in the documentation. All reports should be on letterhead, typed, dated, signed, and otherwise legible.

II. Documentation Must Be Current

Because the provision of all reasonable accommodations and services is based upon ETS's assessment of the current impact of the disability on academic performance, it is in a candidate's best interest to provide recent and appropriate documentation. In most cases, this means that a diagnostic evaluation must have been completed within the past three years. Flexibility in accepting documentation that is more than three years old may be important under certain conditions if the previous assessment is applicable to the current or anticipated setting. If documentation is inadequate in scope or content, or does not address the individual's current level of functioning and need for accommodations, reevaluation may be required. Furthermore, observed changes may have occurred in the individual's performance since the previous assessment, or new medications may have been prescribed or discontinued since the previous assessment was conducted. In such cases, it will be necessary to update the evaluation report. The update must include a detailed assessment of the current impact of the ADHD and interpretive summary of relevant information (see Section III, G) and the previous diagnostic report. If necessary, ETS consultants will recommend what aspects of the documentation need to b updated or augmented in order to be reviewed more fully.

III. Documentation Necessary to Substantiate the Diagnosis Must Be Comprehensive
 

A. Evidence of Early Impairment

Because ADHD is, by definition in the DSM-IV-TR, first exhibited in childhood (although it may not have been formally diagnosed) and manifests itself in more than one setting, relevant historical information is essential. The following should be included in a comprehensive assessment: clinical summary of objective historical information, establishing symptomology indicative of ADHD throughout childhood, adolescence, and adulthood as garnered from transcripts, report cards, teacher comments, tutoring evaluations, and past psycho-educational testing; and third party interviews when available.

B. Evidence of Current Impairment

In addition to providing evidence of a childhood history of an impairment, the following areas must be investigated:

1. Statement of Presenting Problem

A history of the individual's presenting attentional symptoms should be provided, including evidence of ongoing impulsive/hyperactive or inattentive behaviors that significantly impair functioning in two or more settings.

2. Diagnostic Interview

The information collected for the summary of the diagnostic interview should consist of more than self-report, as information from third party sources is critical in the diagnosis of ADHD. The diagnostic interview with information from a variety of sources should include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following:

  • history of presenting attentional symptoms, including evidence of ongoing impulsive/hyperactive or inattentive behavior that has significantly impaired functioning over time
  • developmental history
  • family history for presence of ADHD and other educational, learning, physical, or psychological difficulties deemed relevant by the examiner
  • relevant medical and medication history, including the absence of a medical basis for the symptoms being evaluated
  • relevant psychosocial history and any relevant interventions
  • a thorough academic history of elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education
  • a review of prior psycho educational test reports to determine whether a pattern of strengths or weaknesses is supportive of attention or learning problems
  • relevant employment history
  • description of current functional limitations pertaining to an educational setting that are presumably a direct result of problems with attention
  • relevant history of prior therapy

C. Alternative Diagnoses or Explanations Should Be Ruled Out

The evaluator must investigate and discuss the possibility of dual diagnoses and alternative or coexisting mood, behavioral, neurological, and/or personality disorders that may confound the diagnosis of ADHD. This process should include exploration of possible alternative diagnoses and medical and psychiatric disorders as well as educational and cultural factors affecting the individual that may result in behaviors mimicking an Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

D. Relevant Testing Information Must Be Provided

Neuropsychological or psycho educational assessment is important in determining the current impact of the disorder on the individual's ability to function in academically related settings. The evaluator must objectively review and include with the evaluation report relevant settings. The evaluator must objectively review and include with the evaluation report relevant background information to support the diagnosis. If grade equivalents are reported, they must be accompanied by standard scores and/or percentiles. Test scores or subtest scores alone should not be used as a sole measure for the diagnostic decision regarding ADHD. Selected subtest scores form measures of intellectual ability, memory functions tests, attention or tracking tests, or continuous performance tests do not in and of themselves establish the presence or absence of ADHD. Checklists and/or surveys can serve to supplement the diagnostic profile but in and of themselves are not adequate for the diagnosis of ADHD and do not substitute for clinical observations and sound diagnostic judgment. Al data must logically reflect a substantial limitation to learning for which the individual is requesting the accommodation.

E. Identification of DSM-IV-TR Criteria

According to the DSM-IV-TR, "the essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development" (p.85). A diagnostic report should include a review and discussion of the DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD both currently and retrospectively and specify which symptoms are present (see Appendix A for DSM-IV-TR criteria).

In diagnosing ADHD, it is particularly important to address the following criteria:

  • symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity or inattention that cause impairment that must have been present in childhood.
  • current symptoms that have been present for at least the past six months
  • impairment from the symptoms present in two or more settings (for example, school, work, home)
  • clear evidence of significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
  • symptoms that do not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive

Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Disorder, or a Personality Disorder).

F. Documentation Must Include a Specific Diagnosis

The report must include a specific diagnosis of ADHD based on the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. The diagnostician should use direct language in the diagnosis of ADHD, avoiding the use of such terms as "suggests," "is indicative of," or "attention problems."

Individuals who report only problems with organization, test anxiety, memory or concentration in selective situations do not fit the prescribed diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Given that many individuals benefit from prescribed medications and therapies, a positive response to medication by itself does not confirm a diagnosis, nor does the use of medication in and of itself either support or negate the need for accommodation(s).

G. An Interpretative Summary Must Be Provided

A well-written interpretative summary based on a comprehensive evaluative process is a necessary component of the documentation. Because ADHD is in many ways a diagnosis that is based upon the interpretation of historical data and observation, as well as other diagnostic information, it is essential that professional judgment by utilized in the development of a summary, which must include

1. demonstration of the evaluator's having ruled out alternative explanations for
    inattentiveness, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity as a result of psychological
    or medical disorders or noncognitive factors

2. indication of how patterns of inattentiveness, impulsivity, and/or hyperactivity
    across the life span and across settings are used to determine the presence of ADHD

3. indication of whether or not the candidate was evaluated while on medication,
    and whether or not the prescribed treatment produced a positive response

4. indication and discussion of the substantial limitation to learning presented
    by the ADHD and the degree to which it affects the individual in the testing context
    for which accommodations are being requested

5. indication as to why specific accommodations are needed and how the effects
    of ADHD symptoms, as designated by the DSM-IV, are mediated by the accommodations

IV. Each Accommodation Recommended by the Evaluator Must Include a Rationale

The evaluator must describe the impact, if any, of the diagnosed ADHD on a specific major life activity as well as the degree of impact on the individual. The diagnostic report must include specific recommendations for accommodations that are realistic and that post-secondary institutions, and examining, certifying, and licensing agencies can reasonably provide. A detailed explanation as to why each accommodation is recommended must be provided and should by correlated with specific functional limitations determined through interview, observation, and/or testing. Although prior documentation may have been useful in determining appropriate services in the past, current documentation must validate the need for services based on the individual's present level of functioning in the educational setting. A school plan such as an Individualized Education Program (IEP) or a 504 plan is insufficient documentation in and of itself but can be included as part of a more comprehensive evaluative report. The documentation must include any record of prior accommodations or auxiliary aids, including information about specific conditions under which the accommodations were used (e.g., standardized testing, final exams, licensing or certification examinations) and whether or not they benefited the individual. However, a prior history of accommodations without demonstration of a current need does not in itself warrant the provision of like accommodations. If no prior accommodations were proved, the qualified professional and/or the candidate must include a detailed explanation of why no accommodations were needed in the past and why accommodations are needed at this time.

Because of the challenge of distinguishing normal behaviors and developmental patterns of adolescents and adults (e.g., procrastination, disorganization, distractibility, restlessness, boredom, academic under-achievement or failure, low self-esteem, chronic tardiness or in attendance) from clinically significant impairment, a multifaceted evaluation should address the intensity and frequency of the symptoms and whether these behaviors constitute an impairment in a major life activity.

If the requested accommodations are not clearly identified in the diagnostic report, ETS will seek clarification, and if necessary, more information. ETS will make final determination of whether appropriate and reasonable accommodations are warranted and can be provided to the individual.

V. Confidentiality

ETS will adhere to its confidentiality policies regarding its responsibility to maintain confidentiality of the evaluation and will not release any part of the documentation without the candidate's informed consent or under compulsion of legal process.
 

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APPENDIX A

DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD*

The following diagnostic criteria for ADHD are specified in the DSM-IV-TR:

A. Either (1) or (2):

    1. six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for
    at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with
    developmental level:

Inattention

    (a) often fails to give close attention to details or make careless mistakes
    in schoolwork, work, or other activities

    (b) often has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities

    (c) often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly

    (d) often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores,
    or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional
    behavior or failure to understand instructions)

    (e) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities

    (f) often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require
    sustained mental effort (such as schoolwork or homework)

    (g) often loses things necessary for tasks or activities (e.g., toys, school
    assignments, pencils, books, or tools)

    (h) is often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli

    (i) is often forgetful in daily activities

    2. six (or more) of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have
    persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive and inconsistent with developmental level:

Hyperactivity

    (a) often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat

    (b) often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining
    seated is expected

    (c) often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is
    inappropriate (in adolescents or adults, may be limited to subjective
    feelings of restlessness)

    (d) often has difficulty playing or engaging in leisure activities quietly

    (e) is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor"

    (f) often talks excessively

    (g) often blurts out answers before questions have been completed

    (h) often has difficulty awaiting turn

    (i) often interrupts or intrudes on others (e.g., butts into conversations or games)

B. Some hyperactive-impulsive or inattentive symptoms that caused impairment
    were present before age 7 years.

C. Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings
    (e.g., at school [or work] and at home).

D. There must be clear evidence of clinically significant impairment in social,
    academic, or occupational functioning.

E. The symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of a Pervasive
    Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder and are
    not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., Mood Disorder,
    Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Disorder, or a Personality Disorder).

The DSM-IV-TR specifies a code designation based on type:

314.01 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Type: if both Criteria A1 and A2 are met for the past 6 months

314.00 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Inattentive Type: if Criterion A1 is met but Criterion A2 is not met for the past 6 months

314.01 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if Criterion A2 is met but Criterion A1 is not met for the past 6 months,

Coding note: For individuals (especially adolescents and adults) who currently have symptoms that no longer meet full criteria,"In Partial Remission" should be specified.

314.9 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Not Otherwise Specified:

This category is for disorders with prominent symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that do not meet criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

*Note. From Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition,
pp. 92-93), by the American Psychiatric Association, 2000, Washington, DC
Copyright © 2000 by the American Psychiatric Association. Reprinted with
permission.
 

Back to top of the page APPENDIX B

Recommendations for Consumers

1. For assistance in finding a qualified professional:

    a. contact the disability services coordinator at a college or university for possible referral sources; and/or

    b. contact a physician who may be able to refer you to a qualified professional with demonstrated expertise in ADHD.

2. In selecting a qualified professional:

    a. ask what experience and training he or she has had diagnosing adolescents and adults;

    b. ask whether he or she has training in differential diagnosis and the full range of psychiatric disorders. Clinicians typically qualified to diagnose ADHD may include clinical psychologists, physicians (including psychiatrists), and neuropsychologists;

    c. ask whether he or she has ever worked with a post-secondary disability service provider or with the agency to which you are providing documentation; and

    d. ask whether you will receive a comprehensive written report.

3. In working with the professional:

    a. take a copy of these guidelines to the professional; and

    b. be prepared to be forthcoming, thorough, and honest with requested information.

4. As follow-up to the assessment by the professional:

    a. schedule a meeting to discuss the results, recommendations, and possible treatment;

    b. request additional resources, support group information, and publications if you need them;

    c. maintain a personal file of your records and reports; and

    d. be aware that any receiving institution or agency has a responsibility to maintain confidentiality.
 

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This page last modified on March 1, 2005, by Ann Tallant